All Functional Groups Organic Chemistry List PDF

All Functional Groups Organic Chemistry List - Summary

Each functional group imparts specific properties to the compound it belongs to, influencing factors such as polarity, acidity/basicity, and reactivity. Recognizing these functional groups is key to predicting how different molecules will interact during chemical reactions.

Whether you’re preparing for exams, studying for a degree, or working in the lab, mastering this list of functional groups lays the groundwork for understanding the complexity of organic molecules and their behavior.

1. Hydrocarbons

• Alkanes (C-C single bonds)
• Alkenes (C=C double bonds)
• Alkynes (C≡C triple bonds)
• Aromatic hydrocarbons (benzene rings)

2. Halides

• Alkyl halides (R-X, where X = F, Cl, Br, I)

3. Oxygen-Containing Functional Groups

• Alcohols (R-OH)
• Ethers (R-O-R’)
• Aldehydes (R-CHO)
• Ketones (R-CO-R’)
• Carboxylic acids (R-COOH)
• Esters (R-COO-R’)
• Anhydrides (R-CO-O-CO-R’)

4. Nitrogen-Containing Functional Groups

• Amines (R-NH2, R2-NH, R3-N)
• Amides (R-CO-NH2, R-CO-NHR, R-CO-NR2)
• Nitriles (R-C≡N)

5. Sulfur-Containing Functional Groups

• Thiols (R-SH)
• Sulfides (R-S-R’)
• Sulfonic acids (R-SO3H)

6. Phosphorus-containing functional Groups

• Phosphates (R-OPO3H2)

7. Miscellaneous Groups

• Peroxides (R-O-O-R’)
• Isocyanates (R-N=C=O)
• Isothiocyanates (R-N=C=S)
• Nitro groups (R-NO2)

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