Frequency Modulation

Frequency Modulation

In Frequency Modulation PDF the frequency of the carrier is varied in accordance with the instantaneous value of modulating signal. Here amplitude and phase are kept constant. The frequency modulation index is mostly over 1, and it usually requires a high bandwidth at a range of 200 kHz. FM operates in a very high-frequency range, normally between 88 to 108 Megahertz.

To generate a frequency-modulated (FM) signal, the frequency of the radio carrier is changed in line with the amplitude of the incoming audio signal. The frequency of the carrier is made to increase as the voltage in the information signal increases and to decrease in frequency as it reduces.

Frequency Modulation Formula

The FM modulated signal is given by: y ( t ) = A cos ( 2 π f c t + k f ∫ t x ( α ) d α + φ 0 ) where A is the carrier amplitude, k_f is the frequency deviation constant, and ϕ₀ is the initial phase offset.

Frequency Modulation Equations

It can be represented mathematically as;

m(t) = A_m cos (ω_mt + Ɵ) ……………… 1

m(t) → modulating signal

Where,

A_m → Amplitude of the modulating signal.

ω_m → Angular frequency of the modulating signal.

Ɵ → It is the phase of the modulating signal.

Same as amplitude modulation, when we try to modulate an input signal (information), we need a carrier wave, and we will experience

C(t) = A_c cos (ω_ct + Ɵ) ………….. 2

Angular modulation, which means ω_c (or) Ɵ of the carrier wave, starts varying linearly with respect to the modulating signal, like amplitude modulation.

You can download the Frequency Modulation PDF using the link given below.